THE BLACK LEDGER OF RAPTØRÆM

No city is built from imagination alone. Raptoraem stands atop centuries of history, architecture, medicine, folklore, politics, religion, and maritime tradition. The works below informed its construction. None are required reading, but all left fingerprints.

Note: Raptoraem is an original work of fiction. The sources collected here informed its historical, artistic, and thematic development, but they are neither adaptations nor direct representations of the works listed.

I. On Revolution & Its Aftermath 10

Arendt, Hannah. On Revolution. Viking Press, 1963.

Brinton, Crane. The Anatomy of Revolution. Rev. ed., Vintage Books, 1965.

Dix, Robert H. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics, vol. 15, no. 3, 1983, pp. 281–294. JSTOR.

Dix, Robert H. "Why Revolutions Succeed and Fail." Polity, vol. 16, no. 3, 1984, pp. 423–446. JSTOR.

Goldstone, Jack A. "The Comparative and Historical Study of Revolutions." Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 8, 1982, pp. 187–207. doi.org.

Hopper, Rex D. "The Revolutionary Process: A Frame of Reference for the Study of Revolutionary Movements." Social Forces, vol. 28, no. 3, 1950, pp. 270–279. JSTOR.

Kramnick, Isaac. "Reflections on Revolution: Definition and Explanation in Recent Scholarship." History and Theory, vol. 11, no. 1, 1972, pp. 26–63. JSTOR.

Skocpol, Theda. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge UP, 1979.

Stone, Lawrence. "Theories of Revolution." World Politics, vol. 18, no. 2, 1966, pp. 159–176. JSTOR.

Yoder, D. "Current Definitions of Revolution." American Journal of Sociology, vol. 32, no. 3, 1926, pp. 433–441. JSTOR.

II. On Colonialism & Its Psychology 14

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, 1983.

Bentahar, Ziad. "Frantz Fanon: Travelling Psychoanalysis and Colonial Algeria." Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature, vol. 42, no. 3, Sept. 2009, pp. 1–12.

Fanon, Frantz. A Dying Colonialism. Maspero, 1959. Translated by Haakon Chevalier, Grove Press, 1965.

Fanon, Frantz. Black Skin, White Masks. 1952. Translated by Charles L. Markmann, Grove Press, 1967.

Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Maspero, 1961. Translated by Constance Farrington, Grove Press, 1963.

Fanon, Frantz. Toward the African Revolution: Political Essays. Edited by François Maspero, translated by Haakon Chevalier, Grove Press, 1967.

Fanon-Mendès-France, Mireille, and Donato Fhunsu. "The Contribution of Frantz Fanon to the Process of the Liberation of the People." The Black Scholar, vol. 42, no. 3–4, 2012, pp. 8–12.

Forsythe, Dennis. "Frantz Fanon—The Marx of the Third World." Phylon, vol. 34, no. 2, 1973, pp. 160–170.

Gordimer, Nadine. Burger's Daughter. Jonathan Cape, 1979.

Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. Edited by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, International Publishers, 1971.

Mbembe, Achille. "Necropolitics." Public Culture, vol. 15, no. 1, 2003.

Memmi, Albert. The Colonizer and the Colonized. 1957. Translated by Howard Greenfeld, Beacon Press, 1965.

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature. James Currey, 1986.

Rushdie, Salman. Midnight's Children. Jonathan Cape, 1981.

III. On Class, the Gutter, & the Underworld 19

Brooks, Clem. "Class Politics and Political Change in the United States." Sociological Forum, vol. 12, no. 1, 1997, pp. 1–35. JSTOR.

Clark, Terry Nichols. "The Breakdown of Class Politics." Social Science Quarterly, vol. 84, no. 2, 2003, pp. 299–315. JSTOR.

Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert. Becoming Dickens: The Invention of a Novelist. Belknap Press, 2011.

Evans, Geoffrey, and James Tilley. "How Parties Shape Class Politics: Explaining the Decline of the Class Basis of Party Support." British Journal of Political Science, vol. 42, no. 1, 2012, pp. 137–161. doi.org.

Evans, Geoffrey, and James Tilley. "The Depoliticization of Inequality and Redistribution: Explaining the Decline of Class Voting." The Journal of Politics, vol. 74, no. 4, 2012, pp. 963–976. doi.org.

Fitts, Robert K. "The Rhetoric of Reform: The Five Points Missions and the Cult of Domesticity." Historical Archaeology, vol. 35, 2001, pp. 115–132. doi.org.

Jarness, Vegard, Magne Paalgard Flemmen, and Lennart Rosenlund. "From Class Politics to Classed Politics." Sociology, vol. 53, no. 5, 2019, pp. 879–899. doi.org.

Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Class Politics and the State during World War Two." International Labor and Working-Class History, no. 58, 2000, pp. 261–274. JSTOR.

Mayhew, Henry. London Labour and the London Poor. 1851.

Milne, Claudia. "On the Grounds of the Fresh Water Pond: The Free-Black Community at Five Points, 1810–1834." International Journal of Historical Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 1, 2002, pp. 127–142. doi.org.

Oestreicher, Richard. "How Should Historians Think about 'The Gangs of New York'?" History Workshop Journal, no. 56, 2003, pp. 210–215. JSTOR.

Petras, James. "Class Politics, State Power and Legitimacy." Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 24, no. 34, 1989, pp. 1955–1958. JSTOR.

Reckner, Paul. "Remembering Gotham: Urban Legends, Public History, and Representations of Poverty, Crime, and Race in New York City." International Journal of Historical Archaeology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2002, pp. 95–112. doi.org.

Reynolds, George W. M. The Mysteries of London. 1844–1848.

Samuel, Raphael, editor. East End Underworld: Chapters in the Life of Arthur Harding. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981.

Walkowitz, Daniel J. "'The Gangs of New York': The Mean Streets in History." History Workshop Journal, no. 56, 2003, pp. 204–209. doi.org.

Wiley, Norbert. "America's Unique Class Politics." American Sociological Review, vol. 32, no. 4, 1967, pp. 529–541. JSTOR.

Wilentz, Sean. "On Class and Politics in Jacksonian America." Reviews in American History, vol. 10, no. 4, 1982, pp. 45–63. JSTOR.

Yamin, Rebecca. "Lurid Tales and Homely Stories of New York's Notorious Five Points." Historical Archaeology, vol. 32, no. 1, 1998, pp. 74–85. JSTOR.

IV. On the Built Environment & the Vertical City 12

Girard, Greg, and Ian Lambot. City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City. Watermark, 1993.

Girard, Greg, and Ian Lambot. City of Darkness Revisited. Watermark, 2014.

Harvey, David. Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution. Verso, 2012.

Ho, Suenn. An Architectural Study on the Kowloon Walled City: Preliminary Findings. Columbia University, 1992.

Johnson, Steven Berlin. The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic. Riverhead Books, 2006.

Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith, Blackwell, 1991.

Lu, Jinzhe. Jiulong Cheng Zhai shihua (九龍城寨史話). Joint Publishing, 1997.

Nairn, Ian. Nairn's London. Penguin, 1966.

Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Yale UP, 1998.

Soja, Edward W. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. Blackwell, 1996.

Soja, Edward W. "The Socio-Spatial Dialectic." Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 70, no. 2, 1980, pp. 207–225. JSTOR.

Wong, Kwan-yiu, et al. A Geographic Study of the Kowloon Walled City. Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Geography, 1992.

V. On Extraction, Addiction, & the Drug Economy 2

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan, Pantheon Books, 1977.

Trocki, Carl A. Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade, 1750–1950. Routledge, 1999.

VI. On the Sacred, the Chaotic, & the Occult 4

Carroll, Peter J. Liber Null & Psychonaut: The Practice of Chaos Magic. 1987. Weiser Books, revised and expanded ed., 2022.

Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion. Translated by Willard R. Trask, Harcourt, Brace, 1959.

Evans, Dave. The History of British Magic After Crowley: Kenneth Grant, Amado Crowley, Chaos Magic, Satanism, Lovecraft, the Left-Hand Path, Blasphemy and Magical Morality. Hidden Publishing, 2007.

Hine, Phil. Condensed Chaos: An Introduction to Chaos Magic. New Falcon Publications, 1995.

VII. On the Body, Pain, & Violence 2

hooks, bell. All About Love: New Visions. William Morrow, 2000.

Scarry, Elaine. The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World. Oxford UP, 1985.

VIII. On Dystopia, Hope, & Genre Theory 9

Aurora, S. "From Structure to Machine: Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Linguistics." Deleuze Studies, vol. 11, no. 3, 2017, pp. 405–428. doi.org.

Baccolini, Raffaella. "The Persistence of Hope in Dystopian Science Fiction." PMLA, vol. 119, no. 3, 2004, pp. 518–521. JSTOR.

Gonnermann, Annika. "The Concept of Post-Pessimism in 21st-Century Dystopian Fiction." The Comparatist, vol. 43, 2019, pp. 26–40. doi.org.

Herman, Peter C. "More, Huxley, Eggers, and the Utopian/Dystopian Tradition." Renaissance and Reformation, vol. 41, no. 3, 2018, pp. 165–193.

Michael-Matsas, Savvas. "A Utopia of Immanence: Revolution in Deleuze and Guattari." Deleuze Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, 2016, pp. 289–300. JSTOR.

Mihăilescu, C. A. "Mind the Gap: Dystopia as Fiction." Style, vol. 25, no. 2, 1991, pp. 211–222.

Moylan, Tom. "The Necessity of Hope in Dystopian Times: A Critical Reflection." Utopian Studies, vol. 31, no. 1, 2020, pp. 164–193. doi.org.

Schönher, Mathias. "The Triple Transformation: The Emergence of Philosophy in Deleuze and Guattari." Journal of Speculative Philosophy, vol. 33, no. 4, 2019, pp. 610–627. doi.org.

Stivale, Charles J. "Gilles Deleuze & Félix Guattari: Schizoanalysis & Literary Discourse." SubStance, vol. 9, no. 4, 1980, pp. 46–57. JSTOR.

IX. On Criminology & Prisons 6

Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan, Pantheon Books, 1977. (see also: Extraction & the Drug Economy, above)

Garland, David. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Goffman, Erving. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Anchor Books, 1961.

Ignatieff, Michael. A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850. Pantheon Books, 1978.

Rusche, Georg, and Otto Kirchheimer. Punishment and Social Structure. Columbia UP, 1939.

Sykes, Gresham M. The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison. Princeton UP, 1958.

X. On Architecture 6

Koolhaas, Rem. Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan. Oxford UP, 1978.

Pevsner, Nikolaus. An Outline of European Architecture. Penguin Books, 1943.

Rasmussen, Steen Eiler. Experiencing Architecture. MIT Press, 1959.

Ruskin, John. The Seven Lamps of Architecture. 1849.

Rykwert, Joseph. The Idea of a Town: The Anthropology of Urban Form in Rome, Italy and the Ancient World. Princeton UP, 1976.

Vitruvius. De Architectura (Ten Books on Architecture). c. 15 BCE.

XI. On Folklore & Mythology 6

Bettelheim, Bruno. The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. Knopf, 1976.

Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Pantheon Books, 1949.

Frazer, James George. The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Macmillan, 1890.

Propp, Vladimir. Morphology of the Folktale. 1928. Translated by Laurence Scott, University of Texas Press, 1968.

Warner, Marina. From the Beast to the Blonde: On Fairy Tales and Their Tellers. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994.

Zipes, Jack. Breaking the Magic Spell: Radical Theories of Folk and Fairy Tales. University of Texas Press, 1979.

XII. On Linguistics 6

Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge UP, 2000.

Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. Methuen, 1982.

Sapir, Edward. Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. Harcourt, Brace, 1921.

Saussure, Ferdinand de. Course in General Linguistics. 1916. Translated by Wade Baskin, McGraw-Hill, 1959.

Whorf, Benjamin Lee. Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf. Edited by John B. Carroll, MIT Press, 1956.

Yaguello, Marina. Lunatic Lovers of Language: Imaginary Languages and Their Inventors. Translated by Catherine Slater, Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1991.

XIII. On Military History 6

Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. 1832. Translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Princeton UP, 1976.

Hanson, Victor Davis. The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece. Knopf, 1989.

Howard, Michael. War in European History. Oxford UP, 1976.

Keegan, John. The Face of Battle. Jonathan Cape, 1976.

Sun Tzu. The Art of War. c. 5th century BCE.

Van Creveld, Martin. Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton. Cambridge UP, 1977.

XIV. On Religion & Ritual 6

Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966.

Durkheim, Émile. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. 1912. Translated by Karen E. Fields, Free Press, 1995.

Girard, René. Violence and the Sacred. Translated by Patrick Gregory, Johns Hopkins UP, 1977.

Otto, Rudolf. The Idea of the Holy. 1917. Translated by John W. Harvey, Oxford UP, 1923.

Turner, Victor. The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure. Aldine Publishing, 1969.

van Gennep, Arnold. The Rites of Passage. 1909. Translated by Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee, University of Chicago Press, 1960.

XV. On Music & Opera 6

Abbate, Carolyn. Unsung Voices: Opera and Musical Narrative in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton UP, 1991.

Attali, Jacques. Noise: The Political Economy of Music. Translated by Brian Massumi, University of Minnesota Press, 1985.

Clément, Catherine. Opera, or the Undoing of Women. Translated by Betsy Wing, University of Minnesota Press, 1988.

Kivy, Peter. Osmin's Rage: Philosophical Reflections on Opera, Drama, and Text. Princeton UP, 1988.

Nietzsche, Friedrich. The Birth of Tragedy. 1872.

Taruskin, Richard. Music in the Nineteenth Century. Oxford History of Western Music, vol. 3, Oxford UP, 2005.

XVI. On Natural History 6

Attenborough, David. Life on Earth: A Natural History. Collins/BBC, 1979.

Darwin, Charles. On the Origin of Species. John Murray, 1859.

Gould, Stephen Jay. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. Norton, 1989.

Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500–1800. Allen Lane, 1983.

White, Gilbert. The Natural History of Selborne. 1789.

Wilson, Edward O. The Diversity of Life. Belknap Press, 1992.

XVII. On Art & Illustration 6

Baxandall, Michael. Painting and Experience in Fifteenth-Century Italy. Oxford UP, 1972.

Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. Penguin Books, 1972.

Doré, Gustave, and Blanchard Jerrold. London: A Pilgrimage. Grant & Co., 1872.

Gombrich, E. H. The Story of Art. Phaidon, 1950.

Panofsky, Erwin. Studies in Iconology: Humanistic Themes in the Art of the Renaissance. Oxford UP, 1939.

Vasari, Giorgio. Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. 1550.

XVIII. Period Detail & Material Culture 3

Altick, Richard D. Victorian Studies in Scarlet. Norton, 1970.

Beeton, Isabella. Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management. 1861.

Gloag, John. Victorian Comfort: A Social History of Design from 1830–1900. Allen & Unwin, 1961.

XIX. Literary & Dramatic Sources 5

Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo. 1844–1846.

Gibbon, Lewis Grassic. Spartacus. Victor Gollancz, 1933.

Shakespeare, William. Henry V.

Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus.

Waters, Sarah. Tipping the Velvet. Virago Press, 1998.

XX. Visual Media 28

Arcane. Directed by Pascal Charrue, Arnaud Delord, and Bart Maunoury, Studio Fortiche, 2021.

Black Lagoon. Directed by Sunao Katabuchi, Madhouse, 2006.

Black Sails. Created by Jonathan E. Steinberg and Robert Levine, Starz, 2014–17.

Children of Men. Directed by Alfonso Cuarón, Universal Pictures, 2006.

Cyberpunk: Edgerunners. Directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi, Trigger, 2022.

Deadwood. Created by David Milch, HBO, 2004–06.

Domino. Directed by Tony Scott, New Line Cinema, 2005.

Empire. Created by Lee Daniels and Danny Strong, Fox, 2015–20.

Gangs of New York. Directed by Martin Scorsese, Miramax, 2002.

House of Cards. Created by Beau Willimon, Netflix, 2013–18.

In the Mood for Love. Directed by Wong Kar-wai, Block 2 Pictures, 2000.

Jormungand. Directed by Keitaro Motonaga, White Fox, 2012.

Mad Max: Fury Road. Directed by George Miller, Warner Bros. Pictures, 2015.

Metropolis. Directed by Fritz Lang, Universum Film (UFA), 1927.

Neon Genesis Evangelion. Directed by Hideaki Anno, Gainax, 1995–96.

Peaky Blinders. Created by Steven Knight, BBC, 2013–22.

Penny Dreadful. Created by John Logan, Showtime, 2014–16.

Pirates of the Caribbean. Directed by Gore Verbinski, Walt Disney Pictures, 2003–07.

Puella Magi Madoka Magica. Directed by Akiyuki Shinbo, Shaft, 2011.

Rome. Created by Bruno Heller, John Milius, and William J. MacDonald, HBO, 2005–07.

Shadow and Bone. Created by Eric Heisserer, Netflix, 2021–23.

Silo. Created by Graham Yost, Apple TV+, 2023–26.

Snowpiercer. Directed by Bong Joon-ho, CJ Entertainment, 2013.

Sons of Liberty. Directed by Kari Skogland, History Channel, 2015.

The Crow. Directed by Alex Proyas, Miramax Films, 1994.

The Great. Created by Tony McNamara, Hulu, 2020–23.

The Sopranos. Created by David Chase, HBO, 1999–2007.

The Wire. Created by David Simon, HBO, 2002–08.

V for Vendetta. Directed by James McTeigue, Warner Bros., 2005.